Solar module(s) connected directly to DC loads
Configuration : Solar module, Circuit breaker

How it operates : Solar module produces DC current which is instantaneously used by appliances such as a motor of water pumping at daylight

Applications : Remote water pumping, Ventilation fan, Hot water circulation pump

Solar module(s) connected through charge controller and DC/AC inverter to a battery
Configuration : Solar module, Charge controller, Inverter, Circuit breaker, Battery

How it operates : Solar module produces DC current which passes through charge controller and into storage batteries. A charge controller prevent batteries from over-charging from solar modules, and batteries operates loads at night and bad weather.
Solar modules recharge batteries when good weather returns at daylight. Inverter draws DC current from batteries and changes DC to AC current which is the most usual type used by most home appliances, and inverter has a circuit breaker for over-discharging to load

Applications : Remote and rural home systems

Stand-Alone System with generator
Configuration : Solar module, Charge controller, Inverter, Circuit breaker, Battery, Fuel generator, rectifier, Hybrid system controller

How it operates : Solar module produces DC current which passes through charge controller and into storage batteries. A charge controller prevent batteries from over-charging from solar modules. Inverter draws DC current from batteries and changes DC to AC current which is the most usual type used by most home appliances, and inverter has a circuit breaker for over-discharging to load. Hybrid system controller monitors battery voltage. When voltage drops to safe but bottom line, Generator is turned on. AC output is converted to DC power and recharges battery. AC output can also be used instantaneously to AC loads. When battery reaches recharge ceiling line, generator is turned off.

Applications : : Remote & rural village power

Solar module(s) connected to packaged controller
Configuration : Solar module, Portable packaged controller including charge controller, circuit breaker, battery, and inverter in an enclosure.

How it operates : Solar module produces DC current which passes through charge controller and into storage batteries. A charge controller prevent batteries from over-charging from solar modules.
Inverter draws DC current from batteries and changes DC to AC current which is the most usual type used by most home appliances, and inverter has a circuit breaker for over- discharging to load

Applications : Power for Remote & rural home, Nomadic, Disaster relief & emergency, Camping & boating, Construction site, Farms.

Interconnection between Stand-Alone System and Utility Power Network
Configuration : Solar module, Charge controller, Battery, Utility interactive type inverter, Bi-directional inverter

How it operates : Solar modules(array) produces DC current, which passes through charge controller and into storage batteries. A charge controller prevent batteries from over-charging from solar modules. Inverter draws DC current from batteries and changes DC to AC current which is the most usual type used by most home and business appliances, and it has a circuit breaker for over-discharge to load. The likewise produced AC power sent to utility meter, and is either directly used by home or business loads, or is sent out to utility power network. Utility meter spins backwards, or two meters are used to record incoming and outgoing power. Solar power system does not produce power at night, so loads operate from utility power. In case of utility power blackout, direct connection to utility meter is shut down for safety, and AC power is supplied from the inverter, converting DC current discharged from battery into AC current, automatically.